REITZES SKEPTIC ARTICLE

How the Skeptics Got It Wrong and Why It Matters

• by David Reitzes

Since late 1964, when The Warren Commission announced its conclusions that Lee Harvey Oswald alone killed the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and that there was no evidence of a conspiracy, skepticism of its findings has become a persistent obsession that has lasted 50 years.

In this article from Skeptic Magazine issue 18.3 (2013), David Reitzes recounts some of the most durable myths and conspiracy theories, and reminds us that the job of a skeptic is to use critical thinking to properly assess the evidence, and to use our critical faculties to distinguish verifiable evidence from idle speculation, not to merely doubt for the sake of doubting.

Skeptic magazine publisher Michael Shermer did a number of media interviews surrounding the 50th anniversary of the assassination of JFK, and wrote this opinion editorial for the Los Angeles Times. When Shermer was on Michael Medved’s popular national radio talk show, the host commented on the air that of the thousands of published works he has read about the JFK assassination, the new Skeptic magazine article (below) was by far the best short piece he had ever seen. Please enjoy this article from Skeptic.

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It has been called the mother of all conspiracy theories: the belief that the vibrant, widely admired 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, was brutally cut down not by a lone gunman with inscrutable motives, but by a shadowy cabal of—take your pick—mobsters, Communists, radical right-wingers, traitorous CIA operatives, or mutinous members of the military-industrial complex. The JFK assassination has been cited by countless commentators as the moment the U.S. lost its innocence, an event that seemed to open a veritable Pandora’s Box of evils that have been raging riot ever since. When Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis in April 1968, Senator Robert F. Kennedy observed, “You know that fellow Harvey Lee Oswald, whatever his name is, set something loose in this country.”¹ Two months later, RFK himself was dead from an assassin’s bullets. The presidency of JFK’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, engendered the “credibility gap,” as polls showed more and more Americans no longer trusted their government. The tragic and divisive Vietnam War was still unfolding when the Watergate scandal emerged, followed by years of malaise. For many, at least in retrospect, the JFK assassination marked the beginning of the end.

To dispel the shock and confusion that ensued after accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald was gunned down during an abortive police transfer by stripclub operator Jack Ruby, President Johnson convened a blue-ribbon panel composed of distinguished leaders from both the public and private sectors and consisting of both Democrats and Republicans. The Warren Commission, as it came to be known after its chairman—Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren— has become one of the most vilified investigative panels in U.S. history, its name virtually synonymous with conspiracy or cover-up. Since the commission announced its conclusions in late 1964—principally that Lee Harvey Oswald alone killed Kennedy and there was no evidence of a conspiracy— skepticism of its findings has become as persistent as taxes and, in the words of one writer, “an American obsession as deep as baseball.”²

Careful and sober analysis of the evidence affirms the commission’s conclusions and vanquishes the arguments of the skeptics. So, 50 years on, what does it even mean to be a skeptic in this hotly contested debate? Surely it cannot be as simple as declaring, “I don’t trust the government, therefore I am a skeptic”; such an equation would abdicate independent thought in favor of pure cynicism. As Michael Shermer seeks to remind us, “skepticism is not a position; skepticism is an approach to claims, in the same way that science is not a subject but a method.”³ Skepticism of any government’s aims and efficacy is surely healthy—if not crucial—for a democracy; but the point is to use critical thinking to properly assess the evidence, not to merely doubt for the sake of doubting.

And conspiracies do happen, sometimes even at the highest levels of our government; Watergate and the Iran-Contra scandal were conspiracies that reached into the highest office in the land. People in positions of influence conspire to commit unethical and illegal acts every day; it is more commonly called corruption. Obviously, it is imperative that we remain alert to the possibility of very real conspiracies in our midst (eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, after all), but it is equally important that we use our critical faculties to distinguish verifiable evidence from idle speculation.

The Grassy Knoll Witnesses

The Warren Commission affirmed the earlier conclusions reached by the Dallas Police Department and the FBI: Texas School Book Depository employee Lee Harvey Oswald fired the shots that killed John F. Kennedy from the building’s south-eastern most sixth-floor window. Conspiracy theories positing Oswald as a lone gunman in league with other plotters have never gained much of a foothold in the popular imagination; the critical point has always been whether there was a second gunman.

Journalist Jefferson Morley has called the case “a kind of national Rorschach test of the American political psyche,” writing, “The choices we make—to accept the credibility of the Warren Commission…or to believe eyewitnesses who heard gunshots coming from the grassy knoll, and so decide more people were involved—are shaped, consciously and unconsciously, by our premises about the U.S. government and the waypower is exercised in America.”⁴ Philadelphia attorney Vincent Salandria was one of numerous skeptics who combed through the 26 volumes of evidence published by the Warren Commission and took heed of such witnesses. “My initial feeling,” he later explained, “was that if this were a simple assassination, as the Commission claimed, the facts would come together very neatly. If there were more than one assassin the details would not fit.”⁵

But is reality so neat and tidy? The confusion, shock, and pandemonium at the scene of the crime can hardly be overstated. Amidst the sensory assault of roaring motorcycles, wailing sirens, and the highly animated throng cheering the arrival of President John F. Kennedy and his elegant wife, Jacqueline, one of the most momentous events of the 20th century occurred in mere seconds. Eyewitness perceptions varied wildly. Some thought shots had come from behind the limousine (the vicinity of the Book Depository), while others thought they came from in front or from the right side (the grassy knoll);⁶ three witnesses thought the shots sounded as if they came from right inside the President’s car.⁷ One witness erroneously thought a bystander was shot in the foot and fell down.⁸ One of the closest witnesses “thought [she] saw some men in plain clothes shooting back,” which certainly didn’t happen, “but everything was such a blur.”⁹ Early press bulletins reported that a Secret Service agent had been killed at the scene.¹⁰

Dallas Morning News reporter Hugh Aynesworth, himself an eyewitness, would later recall the difficulty of sorting out what people at the scene were telling him: “I remember interviewing people that said they saw certain things; some did, some didn’t. Even then there were people making up things. Even then! I remember interviewing a young couple where the guy was telling me that he had seen this and he had seen that, and his wife said, ‘You didn’t see that! We were back in the parking lot when it happened!’ Even then!”¹¹

Skeptics were quick to emphasize the reports of eyewitnesses who seemed to contradict the official conclusion. Several witnesses said they had heard at least four shots fired, while the Warren Commission concluded there had only been three shots, all fired by Oswald. There was a clear consensus, however: 81 percent of the witnesses who expressed an opinion believed there had been precisely three shots. (The next most common opinion—at 12 percent— was two shots.)¹² Few believed they had heard more than three shots, but these exceptions would receive an inordinate amount of attention from the doubters.

As to the direction the shots came from, the witnesses were undeniably divided.¹³ To explain this, it is important to understand not only the fragile nature of eyewitness testimony—particularly during moments of highly elevated stress¹⁴—but also problems with eyewitness descriptions of gunfire in particular, as well as difficulties raised by specific conditions at the scene of the crime. The authoritative textbook, Firearms Investigation Identification and Evidence, states, “It is extremely difficult to tell the direction [from which a shot was fired] by the sound of discharge of a firearm.” The authors go on to note that “little credence” should be placed in such testimony.¹⁵ Not only that, but as Charles Manson-prosecutor and later JFK-assassination author Vincent Bugliosi puts it, “Dealey Plaza resounds with echoes, the multistory buildings on the north, south, and east sides making it a virtual echo chamber.”¹⁶ Some eyewitnesses referred to the echoes in their testimony, and “strong reverberations and echoes” were later noted by a bioacoustics expert conducting experiments in Dealey Plaza for the House Select Committee reinvestigating the crime in 1978.¹⁷

There is one fact that is hard to dispute, however: of the dozens of witnesses who described the sound of the shots, very few (you could count them on one hand) said that they came from more than one direction.¹⁸ The rare exceptions, however, would soon be elevated to “star witness” status in pro-conspiracy books and documentaries; they are the ones the critics used to “prove” a conspiracy.

The Parkland Hospital Professionals

Click the image to enlarge it. Mary Ann Moorman’s blurry Polaroid photograph of the grassy knoll inspired many attempts to discover hidden figures. Here are a few of the potential assassination conspirators “discovered” in it.

There are other eyewitnesses in this case, however, that the critics seized upon as being even more damaging to the official story: the doctors and nurses who struggled in vain to save the President’s life in Trauma Room One of Parkland Hospital in Dallas. In statements to the press that weekend and in their Warren Commission testimony, many of these medical professionals made observations indicative—some strongly so—of shots from the President’s front rather than the rear. For example, some described a massive blowout to the rear of the head, rather than the right front— forward of the ear—where the autopsy report placed it. The wound in the President’s throat was also referred to by some as an entrance wound, not the exit wound the autopsy pathologists determined it to be. Surely, the reasoning goes, these highly trained and experienced professionals could not all be wrong.

But they were wrong, and research shows this is not at all unusual. A study published in 1993 in the Journal of the American Medical Association examined 46 cases involving fatal gunshot wounds over a five year period. By comparing the post-mortem findings of a board-certified forensic pathologist to the previous assessments made by trauma specialists, the study found that the trauma specialists made errors about the nature of bullet wounds (such as the number of bullets involved and in distinguishing between entrance and exit wounds) in 52 percent of the cases. The study concluded “the odds that a trauma specialist will correctly interpret certain fatal gunshot wounds are no better than the flip of a coin.”¹⁹

In truth, as with the Dealey Plaza witnesses, the testimony of the Parkland doctors and nurses is highly contradictory and confused.²⁰ They were trying to save the President’s life, not examine his wounds to determine the direction of the shots.²¹

Blow-Ups

If the eyewitness testimony was less than conclusive, perhaps the technology of photography offered an alternative. A Polaroid photograph taken by bystander Mary Ann Moorman captured the grassy knoll at almost precisely the instant of the fatal shot to the President. Researcher David Lifton found a reproduction of the photograph in a book in 1965 and quickly spotted what appeared to be a puff of smoke in the background, “and, just behind it, a human form—someone apparently crouched behind the wall. Were my eyes deceiving me?”²²

Lifton obtained a copy of the negative used by the book’s publisher and eagerly set about getting the film developed, even talking his way into the darkroom. “It was exciting and frightening,” he wrote. “Watching the images come up to full contrast, I felt I was joining the ranks of the eyewitnesses—a year and a half after the event. And perhaps my view was better.”²³ These images weren’t “figments of my imagination,” he said, “but realities recorded by Mrs. Moorman’s camera.”

Utilizing a higher quality source, Lifton would later conclude that this perceived gunman was, in fact, a photographic artifact, not a real person.²⁴ In the meantime he had found another gunman in the photograph. And then another. And another. And yet another.²⁵ His findings were disputed by researcher Josiah Thompson, who had found his own gunman (or, well, something) in a different spot in the same photograph.²⁶

A 1988 British documentary series, The Men Who Killed Kennedy, placed great importance on another image discovered in the Moorman photo by researcher Gary Mack, of what was alleged to be a man in a police officer’s uniform firing a gun from behind the stockade fence, dubbed “Badge Man.” Independent studies by photographic expert Geoffrey Crawley and assassination researcher Dale Myers determined that if Badge Man were a human being of average height and build, he would have been standing well behind the fence and elevated several feet above ground level (32 feet behind the fence and 4.5 feet above the ground, according to Myers’ study), which he described as “an unreasonable and untenable firing position.”²⁷

David Lifton eventually decided that there was a subjective component to all of these perceptions. “It became evident that those who were already in disagreement with the Warren Commission conclusions found it far easier to ‘see’ people on the knoll than those who believed in the Report,” he observed. “Eventually, I concluded that photographic enlargements had very limited use as evidence.”²⁸

Tramps Like Us

Some of the crime scene photographs had more to offer than blurs and shadows. There were the “three tramps” whose pictures were snapped by newsmen shortly after police officers pulled them from a railroad boxcar behind the grassy knoll. The Warren Commission had never mentioned these characters; surely they could have been up to no good. Once Watergate made national headlines, it was even pointed out that if you looked really hard, two of the three resembled Watergate conspirators Frank Sturgis and E. Howard Hunt—although comparisons of morphological and metric features between the tramps and Sturgis and Hunt would ultimately rule them out as candidates.²⁹

The story was revived in 1980, when contract killer Charles Harrelson (father of actor Woody), was in the midst of a six-hour standoff with Texas police. High on cocaine and threatening suicide, Harrelson claimed involvement in the Kennedy assassination. Researchers were quick to point out that Harrelson bore a resemblance to the tallest (“Sturgis”) tramp.³⁰ Harrelson later recanted the tale,³¹ calling the alleged confession simply “an effort to elongate my life.”³² Later, a book was published alleging that the third tramp was Charles Frederick Rogers of Houston, who had disappeared following the gruesome 1965 mutilation murder of his parents. Before long, one Chauncey Marvin Holt came forward, claiming to have been the short (“Hunt”) tramp and a participant in a CIA assassination plot, along with Harrelson and Rogers.³³

The true names of the three men finally surfaced in Dallas police files released to the public in 1989, and journalists were able to confirm their identities, tracking down two who were still alive and a family member of the third, who was deceased. The three tramps were John Forrester Gedney, Gus W. Abrams, and Harold Doyle; they were, in the end, tramps after all.³⁴

A redrawing of Robert Cutler’s diagrams of a hypothetical umbrella weapon.

Umbrella Man

Then there was the case of the “Umbrella Man,” a mysterious figure glimpsed in several photos, standing at the side of the road with an open umbrella over his head on a perfectly sunny day. Was he a conspirator signaling to gunmen in the surrounding areas, perhaps? Or could the umbrella itself have been a sophisticated weapon, as one researcher postulated at length?³⁵ After years of anonymity and considerable speculation, the Umbrella Man was outed by a friend to the Dallas press; his name was Louie Steven Witt. Dimly aware that the image of former British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s trademark umbrella was associated with then-Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy’s support for Chamberlain’s policy of Nazi appeasement in the late 1930s, Witt had come to Dealey Plaza to heckle the President— albeit at the worst possible moment. “I think if the Guinness Book of World Records had a category for people who were at the wrong place at the wrong time, doing the wrong thing,” Witt told the House committee in 1978, “I would be No. 1 in that position, without even a close runner-up.”³⁶

Mysterious Deaths

One of the most durable myths surrounding the JFK assassination concerns the “mysterious deaths” of assassination witnesses, a story publicized nationally in 1967 by Ramparts magazine. The idea had originated with Penn Jones, the cantankerous writer/editor/ publisher of a six-page, weekly newspaper in rural Midlothian, Texas, who was compiling a list of witnesses who had passed away under allegedly suspicious circumstances. The story appealed to Ramparts editor Warren Hinckle, who had been put off by what he perceived as the overly academic style of the material the Warren Commission’s critics were submitting to him. “I wanted something that would get people talking about the Warren Report with the cynicism they did about the weather report,” Hinckle later recalled. “In my book, the only reliable indicator of what is weighing on the national consciousness is what people are talking about in neighborhood bars. The books that had come out criticizing the Warren Report had stirred the nation’s intellectuals but left the masses becalmed. I wanted to churn the bars.”³⁷

Neither Jones nor Hinckle saw a problem in the fact that of the dozen-plus witnesses on the “mysterious deaths” list, only one of them could, in fact, be considered a witness to the assassination. Others included Oswald’s landlady, two newsmen who wrote about the case, one of Jack Ruby’s lawyers, the cab driver who gave Oswald a ride following the assassination, one of Jack Ruby’s strippers, the husband of another stripper, the brother of an eyewitness to Oswald’s slaying of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit approximately 45 minutes after the assassination, and TV game show fixture Dorothy Kilgallen. Even the Ramparts staff felt the need to qualify their inclusion of Kilgallen’s name on the list, stating, “We know of no serious person who really believes that the death of Dorothy Kilgallen, the gossip columnist, was related to the Kennedy assassination. Still, she was passionately interested in the case, told friends she firmly believed there was a conspiracy and that she would find out the truth if it took her all her life.”³⁸

Few of these deaths were even all that mysterious, contrary to the way they are presented in the Ramparts article.³⁹ But factual accuracy was never really the point. Sitting in a Brooklyn bar one day, Hinckle was gratified to hear “a toothless old lady tell the fellow next to her about ‘all these people who got murdered down in Texas because they knew who killed Kennedy’—I knew then that the national consciousness barrier had been cracked.”⁴⁰

“Back and to the Left”: The Zapruder Film

If there is a single piece of evidence that Warren Commission skeptics have held up as irrefutable proof of a conspiracy, it is what has come to be known as the “head snap”: the moment in the motion picture film captured by bystander Abraham Zapruder when the President is shot in the head and it snaps strongly to his left. This shocking and iconic image provides the climactic moment in Oliver Stone’s controversial conspiracy movie, JFK, shown repeatedly as actor Kevin Costner narrates: “This is the key shot. Watch it again. The President going back to his left. Shot from the front and right. Totally inconsistent with the shot from the Depository. Again—back and to the left… back and to the left…back and to the left.”⁴¹

But does this really prove a shot from the front? Medical experts convened by the Rockefeller Commission in 1975⁴² evaluated the “head snap” and were “unanimous in finding that the violent backward and leftward motion of the President’s upper body following the head shot was not caused by the impact of a bullet coming from the front or right front.”⁴³

Drs. [Werner] Spitz, [Richard] Lindenberg and [Fred] Hodges reported that such a motion would be caused by a violent straightening and stiffening of the entire body as a result of a seizure-like neuromuscular reaction to major damage inflicted to nerve centers in the brain.

Dr. [Alfred] Olivier reported that the violent motions of the President’s body following the head shot could not possibly have been caused by the impact of the bullet. He attributed the popular misconception on this subject to the dramatic effects employed in television and motion picture productions. The impact of such a bullet, he explained, can cause some immediate movement of the head in the direction of the bullet, but it would not produce any significant movement of the body.⁴⁴

An immediate movement of the head in the direction of the bullet, in fact, is what can be seen at the instant of impact, between Zapruder frames 312 and 313, as the President’s head moves forward (2.3 inches forward, according to one study), prior to the more obvious lurch to the left beginning in frame 314.⁴⁵

Other experts agree, including the members of the 1978 House committee’s forensic pathology panel (see below),⁴⁶ as well as Vincent Di Maio, a longtime forensic pathologist and author of the widely used textbook, Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques. In response to a suggestion that a “transfer of momentum” from a bullet could be responsible for the head snap, Di Maio, without hesitation, said, “No. That’s make-believe. That’s [something out of] Arnold Schwarzenegger pictures.”⁴⁷

Even forensic expert Cyril Wecht, long one of the most vociferous critics of the Warren Commission, when asked whether it is a “matter of physics” that a body will move in the same direction as a bullet that strikes it, testified (in the murder trial of Lyle and Erik Menendez) that “some of the [Newtonian] concepts, indeed are applicable and relevant, but you have to then factor in the biological element, the entire neuromuscular system and so on, all of the voluntary and involuntary reflexive aspects of it.” “Sir [Isaac] Newton and others just never dealt with those things. … That’s just a very different situation.”⁴⁸

Shots in the Dark

In the face of ballooning doubts about the Warren Commission’s conclusions, the House Select Committee on Assassinations was established to reinvestigate JFK’s killing and pass judgment on the commission’s findings. By the time the committee wrapped up its investigation, it had used state of the art forensic techniques to resolve numerous questions about the assassination and the evidence, and validate the Warren Commission’s core conclusions. However, in a move strongly contested by several committee members, the HSCA also endorsed the findings of a computer science professor and his assistant, indicating that a shot had indeed been fired from the grassy knoll.

The evidence was an audio recording of police radio transmissions made at the approximate time of the assassination from an unknown police motorcycle with its microphone stuck in the “on” position. While the recording contained no audible sounds of gunfire, the HSCA endorsed the theory that the motorcycle in question was part of the presidential motorcade; and that waveforms of sounds on the tape, as plotted by a computer on a lengthy strip of graph paper, were identical to waveforms of actual test shots fired in Dealey Plaza, three from the Texas School Book Depository and one from the grassy knoll. There was a high probability, the committee concluded, that a conspiracy had killed John F. Kennedy.⁴⁹

When the findings were subjected to peer review by a National Academy of Sciences committee, however, the failings of the HSCA’s conspiracy theory were revealed. The Committee on Ballistic Acoustics, better known as the Ramsey Panel—after its chairman, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Norman F. Ramsey— found that not only was there no evidence of gun shots on the Dallas recording, but the waveforms identified as shots were actually recorded approximately one minute after the assassination, as voices in the recording indicated that the limousine had already been instructed to head for Parkland Hospital.⁵⁰ The House committee’s conspiracy evidence was a bust.

Cui Bono?

Even as the HSCA was confirming the case against Oswald as the lone assassin, doubters were shifting into overdrive, pointing fingers at an ever-increasing cast of conspiracy suspects. While conspiracy theorists insist that their accusations are drawn from evidence, the motley assortment of suspects they have come up with suggests that bias plays a more prominent role.

The Radical Right

When news of the assassination was broadcast, many initially assumed that the blame lay with members of Dallas’ highly vocal, radical right wing, who despised Kennedy for his support of the civil rights movement and for his perceived weakness in the face of Communism. In fact, a number of associates had warned the President not to travel to Dallas, where U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson had been spat at and struck with a demonstrator’s picket sign just a month earlier at a United Nations Day event. “Welcome Mr. Kennedy to Dallas,” read the facetious headline of a full-page ad in the Dallas Morning News of November 22, over a series of questions accusing the President of selling the country out to Communists. On the morning of the assassination, thousands of handbills were distributed on Dallas streets with photos of front and side views of the President’s face arranged like a mug shot; the headline read, “WANTED FOR TREASON.”⁵¹

Suspicions of a right wing plot took a seemingly lethal blow when the suspect—Oswald—turned out to be a self-professed Marxist and ardent supporter of Fidel Castro. Even the President’s grieving widow Jacqueline was taken aback. “He didn’t even have the satisfaction of being killed for civil rights,” she said. “It had to be some silly little Communist.”⁵² It seemed to rob his death of any meaning.⁵³

In fact, the Soviets could have been none too pleased to learn that the accused assassin was the unstable young man they had reluctantly allowed to defect to Russia in 1959 after he attempted suicide in Moscow. (Thoroughly disillusioned with the state of Marxism in the U.S.S.R., he had returned to the United States two years later.) Within hours of JFK’s death, Soviet propaganda organs were declaring the assassination to be the work of a radical right wing cabal.⁵⁴ The theme was picked up by left-leaning journalists in Europe and the U.S.⁵⁵ Over a decade later the KGB would fabricate and disseminate evidence intended to link Oswald to Soviet intelligence’s arch enemy, the CIA.⁵⁶

To those who were predisposed to certain suspicions, however, little evidence, authentic or otherwise, was really necessary. Describing her “instantaneous skepticism about the official version of what happened in Dallas,”⁵⁷ conspiracy author Sylvia Meagher recalled the moment she heard JFK’s death announced on the radio. “Someone in the room screamed with shock and grief,” Meagher wrote. “Someone cursed the John Birch Society and its kind. ‘Don’t worry,’ I said derisively, ‘you’ll see, it was a Communist who did it.’ ”⁵⁸

The Red Menace

Indeed, Oswald’s leftist background was quickly seized upon by red baiters everywhere. Dallas assistant district attorney Bill Alexander, incensed by the immediate nationwide condemnations of notoriously conservative Dallas, even spoke of charging Oswald with participation in a Communist conspiracy.⁵⁹ “I wanted to expose Oswald for what he was, a Communist,” Alexander said later. “I thought someone should emphasize it. I knew that [the conspiracy charge] wouldn’t hold up, but it needed to be said.”⁶⁰

Theories of Oswald as a Communist agent, in fact, would not fare well. While he was an avowed leftist, the simple fact is that other leftists he came into contact with wanted nothing to do with him. His bogus chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans was a one-man operation, complete with documents he created himself.⁶¹ He sent a (later world-famous) photograph of himself dressed in black and brandishing a rifle to the editors of The Militant, a Trotskyist newspaper (to show them he was “ready for anything”); the recipients quickly threw it out, fearing Oswald to be either a nut or a provocateur.⁶² When he caused a scene at the Cuban consulate in Mexico City in October 1963, insisting upon a travel visa to Cuba so he could join Castro’s revolution, a consulate staffer refused and told him point blank that someone like him could bring the revolution nothing but harm.⁶³

CIA: The Enemy Within?

Conspiracy theories involving secret societies have been with us for centuries, frequently oriented along religious lines. Religious themes are largely passé among modern conspiracists, but there is one secret society of sorts that may inspire suspicion among Americans from every walk of life and of all political persuasions.

The moment Jack Ruby stepped from the shadows to gun down Oswald, prominent researcher Vincent Salandria says he knew that the CIA had killed Kennedy: “The use of a Mafia-related killer [sic] to dispatch the patsy while in custody, and that patsy’s patently false left-wing and liberal guises, convinced me that the assassination was the work of U.S. intelligence.”⁶⁴ “The nature of the conspiracy that took President Kennedy’s life was from the outset quite obvious to anyone who knew how to look and was willing to do so,” declares researcher Martin Schotz. “I and other ordinary citizens know, know for a fact, that there was a conspiracy and that it was organized at the highest levels of the CIA.”⁶⁵ “Is there any doubt that Lee Harvey Oswald, quickly and deliberately portrayed by the Government as a simple, superficial personality—a lone nut—was clearly a well-trained and groomed tool of the intelligence establishment?” former HSCA investigator Gaeton Fonzi asked a gathering of assassination researchers.⁶⁶ “This, I suggest, should be our challenging cry for the future: We know who killed President Kennedy. Why don’t you?”⁶⁷

Granted, as secret societies go, the Central Intelligence Agency has two clear strikes against it: first, in contrast to some organizations that have been singled out for suspicion over the years, the CIA undoubtedly exists; and, second, it was not so long after the Warren Commission closed up shop that public revelations of CIA involvement in plans to assassinate foreign leaders began raising questions about precisely who authorized such plots and whether such ruthless methods could conceivably be employed against, say, a highly placed domestic target.

After this, however, evidence of the Agency’s culpability in the President’s slaying begins to get scarce. CIA accusers point to a commonly cited (but anonymously sourced) claim that President Kennedy had threatened to “splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it to winds” after the Bay of Pigs debacle, as well as claims that Agency personnel were bitter about his conduct during the aborted invasion.⁶⁸ But historians agree that, once fences were mended, Kennedy enjoyed an unusually close relationship with the Agency—a relationship that, according to one CIA-commissioned report, “would only rarely be matched in future administrations.”⁶⁹ Only weeks before his death, JFK had this to say about allegations of CIA misconduct in Vietnam: “I think that while the CIA may have made mistakes, as we all do, on different occasions, and has had many successes which may go unheralded, in my opinion in this case it is unfair to charge them as they have been charged. I think they have done a good job.”⁷⁰

Conspiracy theorists also may find it self-evidently suspicious that President Johnson appointed to the Warren Commission former CIA director Allen Dulles, who had resigned in the wake of the Bay of Pigs. Whose idea was this? It turns out that LBJ actually recruited Dulles for the commission at the request of Attorney General Robert Kennedy.⁷¹ Contrary to the speculation that runs rampant in pro-conspiracy literature, JFK and Dulles greatly admired one another, and the Kennedy brothers had considerable praise for Dulles well after the Bay of Pigs invasion.⁷²

Suspicions about the CIA often begin with questions about whether Oswald’s highly unusual defection to the Soviet Union in 1959 was authentic. One of the originators of the hypothesis that Oswald was not a genuine defector but an intelligence agent was author Harold Weisberg. But after nearly 40 years of pioneering research, Weisberg acknowledged that the Warren Commission “checked into almost every breath [Oswald] drew,”⁷³ and candidly admitted to Vincent Bugliosi that “much as it looks like Oswald was some kind of agent for somebody, I have not found a shred of evidence to support it, and he never had an extra penny.”⁷⁴

Not-So-Cold Warriors

The theory that may well be the most far-fetched nevertheless demands close attention, as it picks upon psychological wounds that, for many who lived through the 1960s and 1970s, never fully healed. In the long, bitter aftermath of the Vietnam War, understandable psychological factors like grief, regret, and nostalgia for a Golden Age, however illusory—writers began mythologizing the “Camelot” of JFK’s administration within weeks of his demise⁷⁵—have inspired tendentious interpretations of how Kennedy might have saved us from the horrors and shame of Vietnam, had he only lived. Once confined to the fringes, such notions went mainstream with the success of Oliver Stone’s JFK, which endorsed the idea that high-ranking members of the military industrial complex executed President Kennedy because he posed a serious threat to the war machine and its attendant profits.

According to Stone, a once-secret document, National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 263, proves that JFK intended to withdraw from Vietnam by the end of 1965, beginning with the removal of 1,000 advisors by the end of 1963. But, as the document states, this was based on assurances by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and General Maxwell Taylor that “the major part of the U.S. military task can be completed by the end of 1965… [B]y the end of this year, the U.S. program for training Vietnamese should have progressed to the point where 1,000 U.S. military personnel assigned to South Vietnam can be withdrawn.” These plans were contingent upon the success of U.S. efforts to stabilize South Vietnam’s security and end the repressive policies of its increasingly tyrannical government. If these conditions were not met, U.S. involvement would continue.⁷⁶ Historian Stanley Karnow explains:

Early in 1963, South Vietnam’s rigid President Ngo Dinh Diem was cracking down on internal dissidents, throwing the country into chaos. Fearing that the turmoil would benefit the Communist insurgents, Kennedy conceived of bringing home one thousand of the sixteen thousand American military advisers as a way of prodding Diem into behaving more leniently. Kennedy’s decision was codified in National Security Action Memorandum, or NSAM 263. Its aim was to “indicate our displeasure” with Diem and “create significant uncertainty” in him “as to the future intentions of the United States.” Kennedy hoped the scheme, which also scheduled a reduction of the U.S. forces over the next two years, would give the South Vietnamese the chance to strengthen themselves.⁷⁷

The strategy was unsuccessful, resulting in Kennedy’s acquiescence to the November 1, 1963, military coup that toppled the Diem regime and, as noted in the Pentagon Papers, inadvertently deepened U.S. involvement in Vietnam.⁷⁸

Had the President really decided to withdraw from Vietnam? In July of 1963, he stated, “In my opinion, for us to withdraw from that effort would mean a collapse not only of South Vietnam, but Southeast Asia, so we are going to stay there.”⁷⁹ On September 2, Kennedy stated, in an interview with Walter Cronkite, “I don’t agree with those who say we should withdraw. That would be a great mistake.” One week later, he was asked if he had “any reason to doubt this so-called ‘domino theory,’ that if South Vietnam falls, the rest of Southeast Asia will go behind it?” “No, I believe it. I believe it,” JFK responded. “I think we should stay.”

There is conflicting evidence about JFK’s attitude during the post-coup period (by which time, Oliver Stone and the other theorists insist the conspiracy to kill him was already well underway).⁸⁰ The day he left for Dallas, Kennedy met with Michael Forrestal, assistant to national security advisor McGeorge Bundy, whom he reportedly told, “I want to start a complete and very profound review of how we got into this country; what we thought we were doing; and what we now think we can do. I even want to think about whether or not we should be there.”⁸¹ Longtime aide Kenneth O’Donnell said that Kennedy told him that he was beginning to think about withdrawal.⁸² JFK even allegedly told anti-war Oregon senator Wayne Morse, “Wayne, I want you to know you’re absolutely right in your criticism of my Vietnam policy. Keep this in mind. I’m in the midst of an intensive study which substantiates your position on Vietnam.”⁸³

A 1991 Newsweek article noted that such reports, “even if not colored by wishful memories, could have been tinged with politics. And the 1,000-man withdrawal—around 6 percent of the total— was just a token that might never have been repeated. McGeorge Bundy…doesn’t believe it signified any shift of policy. ‘I don’t think we know what he would have done if he’d lived,’ Bundy said last week. ‘I don’t know, and I don’t know anyone who does know.’ ”⁸⁴ Secretary of State Dean Rusk was also skeptical that JFK was planning to withdraw: “I had hundreds of talks with John F. Kennedy about Vietnam, and never once did he say anything of this sort to his own secretary of state.”⁸⁵

In Fort Worth, Texas, on the morning of November 22, Kennedy made his last statement about Vietnam: “Without the United States, South Vietnam would collapse overnight.”⁸⁶ At the moment JFK was cut down, he was only minutes away from delivering a speech at the Dallas Trade Mart, in which he had planned to reaffirm his commitment not only to Vietnam, but another eight countries located on or near the border of the Communist bloc. “Our assistance to these nations can be painful, risky and costly,” the text of the speech reads. “But we dare not weary of the task.”⁸⁷

The following year, the slain President’s closest advisor and confidant, Robert F. Kennedy, discussed his brother’s views in a Kennedy Library oral history interview with John Bartlow Martin. “The President…had a strong, overwhelming reason for being in Vietnam and [believing] that we should win the war in Vietnam,” RFK stated, “[it would mean] the loss of all of Southeast Asia if you lost Vietnam. … [which would] have profound effects as far as our position throughout the world, and our position in a rather vital part of the world.” “There was never any consideration given to pulling out?” he was asked. “No,” Kennedy replied.⁸⁸

Following a personal investigation into the roots of political uprisings in Asia and Latin America the following year, Robert Kennedy’s views on Vietnam began to change,⁸⁹ reflecting RFK aide Adam Wolinsky’s concern that not only was the U.S. pursuing a “foreign policy based on force, a reliance on military pressure almost to the complete exclusion of politics,” but also—and crucially—“a simplistic equation of revolution with communist conspiracy.”⁹⁰ Once he began criticizing the Johnson administration’s Vietnam policies, RFK would have had much to gain politically by suggesting that his evolving views had been influenced by his late brother. But instead, he candidly admitted to confidant Arthur Schlesinger, “Well, I don’t know what would be best: to say that he [JFK] didn’t spend much time thinking about Vietnam; or to say that he did and messed it up.”⁹¹

As journalist Tom Wicker notes, “Kennedy might not have expanded the war as President Johnson did in 1964,” however, “It seems less likely that Kennedy had already decided, at the time of his death, to extricate the nation from the quagmire of Vietnam…I know of no reputable historian who has documented Kennedy’s intentions, much less found them the motive for his murder.”⁹²

Wiseguys

When all else fails, conspiricists can always try to pin the assassination on organized crime. That’s what G. Robert Blakey did. Blakey had worked under Robert Kennedy at the Justice Department and drafted the landmark Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO act)—anti-racketeering legislation that was signed into law in 1970. As Chief Counsel to the HSCA, he took it upon himself to explain who had been responsible for the conspiracy indicated by the committee’s acoustical theory, something the committee declined to do. As the HSCA ended its investigation, Blakey held a press conference to announce, “I am now firmly of the opinion that the Mob did it. It is a historical truth. The Committee report does not say the Mob did it. I said it. I think the Mob did it.”⁹³

But, as with other suspects, the actual evidence is slim. Journalist Richard Billings, Blakey’s co-author on the HSCA Report as well as Blakey’s own conspiracy book, The Plot to Kill the President, summarizes it this way: “The main piece of evidence of Organized Crime complicity in the conspiracy is Jack Ruby. …[I]f you’re going to determine the final answer to this crime, the murder of the president, the character of Ruby is crucial.”⁹⁴ This is bad news for conspiracy theorists. As Dallas Morning News columnist Tony Zoppi, who knew Ruby quite well, puts it, “It is so ludicrous to believe that Ruby was part of the mob. The conspiracy theorists want to believe everybody but those who really knew him. …He was a real talker, a fellow who would talk your ear off if he had the chance. You have to be crazy to think anybody would have trusted Ruby to be a part of the mob. He couldn’t keep a secret for five minutes.”⁹⁵

As Vincent Bugliosi points out, Ruby’s personality could hardly be less like that of a cool, calculating, professional hit man: “FBI agents may have interviewed close to one hundred people who knew Ruby well, and in their published reports in the Warren Commission volumes the reader would be hardpressed to find one interviewee who did not mention Ruby’s temper, or at least how ‘very emotional’ he was, if the question of Ruby’s temperament was discussed.”⁹⁶ He was prone to sudden, sometimes savage bursts of violence. William Serur knew Ruby for over a decade, and said that Ruby “explodes and gets mad quicker than any person I ever saw.”⁹⁷ As he recalled, “In the last few years I thought he might have been suffering from some form of … mental disturbance, by the way he acted.”⁹⁸ In fact, evidence brought out at Ruby’s trial showed that Ruby suffered from organic brain damage.⁹⁹ “I don’t think he is sane,” said one stripper who worked for him.¹⁰⁰ American Guild of Variety Artists official Johnnie Hayden called Ruby a “kook” because of his unpredictable and erratic outbursts.¹⁰¹ Edward Pullman, whose wife worked for Ruby, called him “insane. He was a psycho. …He was not right.”¹⁰²

Ruby was many things: small-time nightclub operator, unsuccessful entrepreneur, barroom brawler, police groupie, would-be FBI informant (it didn’t work out, as the Bureau concluded that he simply had no useful information to offer).¹⁰³ However, there is one thing he was not: a criminal. So says Bill Alexander, who prosecuted Ruby for Oswald’s murder and sought the death penalty against him. “He didn’t steal. He didn’t pimp. He wasn’t a drunk. Jack wasn’t a lawbreaker.”¹⁰⁴

Testifying before the HSCA, Jack Revill of the Dallas police’s criminal intelligence section rejected the idea that Ruby had any involvement with organized crime. “Jack Ruby was the type of person who would have been acquainted with persons involved in gambling activities and other criminal activities, but as far as Jack Ruby being actively engaged or a member of any groups, no …Jack Ruby was a buffoon. He liked the limelight. He was highly volatile. He liked to be recognized with people, and I would say this to this committee: if Jack Ruby was a member of organized crime, then the personnel director of organized crime should be replaced.”¹⁰⁵

Nevertheless, conspiracy theorists commonly insist that if Ruby can be shown to have been (to use Revell’s term) acquainted with suspicious characters, then surely that must prove something. The most oft-repeated allegation is that Ruby made a number of phone calls to Mob-connected individuals in the months prior to the assassination, as documented in black and white by his telephone records. Is this evidence that the Mafia ordered Oswald’s murder or the Kennedy assassination?

No. “Correlation does not mean causation.”¹⁰⁶ Just because one event follows another does not mean they are connected. In fact, a great deal of testimony indicates that the phone calls in question were related to Ruby’s professional grievances with the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA), which represented the strippers he employed at his nightclub. The AGVA “was riddled with corruption and compromised by its mob connections,”¹⁰⁷ so anyone dealing with the AGVA could have been rubbing shoulders with the Mob, whether they realized it or not. There is no evidence that Ruby had any significant relationship to organized crime or that any of his phone calls or actions were related to a conspiracy. (In fact, genuine Mob connections would have been most helpful in his lengthly and frustrating battles with the AGVA.)¹⁰⁸

The Assassin

How do we navigate a path through the complex morass of claims, speculation, rumors, and confusion that seems to hopelessly engulf this subject? We use critical thinking tools to discern the most reliable evidence.

Immediately following the assassination, eyewitnesses directed police to two areas in Dealey Plaza: behind the stockade fence on the grassy knoll, from which many thought they had heard shots (but where no one had actually seen a gunman)¹⁰⁹ and the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, where a gunman had been sighted.¹¹⁰ A thorough search of the grassy knoll area turned up no evidence of any kind: no suspect, no weapon, no spent shells, and no other evidence of a crime. The Book Depository was another story: police found shipping cartons of books arranged by a southeast corner window into a sniper’s perch—where someone could sit and aim a rifle out the window—surrounded by a wall of cartons that hid the corner from the rest of the sixth floor. Three spent rifle shells were found nearby. A bolt-action, Italian, Mannlicher-Carcano rifle was found stashed between boxes on the opposite side of the floor, on the way to the stairwell. Ballistic markings as distinctive as fingerprints proved that the three shells had been fired from that rifle to the exclusion of all others. One nearly intact bullet and several bullet fragments were recovered from the presidential limousine and at Parkland Hospital; the bullet and the two largest of the recovered fragments were proved by ballistic markings—again, as distinctive as fingerprints—to have been fired from that rifle.¹¹¹

Single bullet theory diagrams. Click the image to enlarge it and read captions.

Who owned the rifle? Documentary evidence assembled over the next two days established that the weapon had been purchased through the mail under an assumed name by Lee Harvey Oswald, one of the few Book Depository employees who had not gone outside to watch the motorcade. Oswald’s palm print was found on the weapon, and fingerprints lifted from the trigger housing were later determined to be his.¹¹² Handwriting experts unanimously agreed that it was Oswald’s handwriting on the order form, as well as on the paperwork for the post office box where he had the rifle delivered.¹¹³ It was not necessary for the police to launch a manhunt for Oswald: he was already under arrest for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, gunned down approximately 45 minutes after the President’s murder. Oswald had fled the scene of the crime, taken a cab to the room he rented in suburban Oak Cliff, apparently picked up the handgun he had also purchased through the mail, and then killed the first police officer he encountered.¹¹⁴

The autopsy of the President—as well as the medical examination of Texas Governor John Connally, who was critically wounded during the shooting but survived—confirmed that the shots had come from above and behind the limousine, not the grassy knoll.¹¹⁵ Later reviews of the autopsy photographs and X-rays by panels of forensic experts appointed by Attorney General Ramsey Clark in 1968, the Rockefeller Commission in 1975, and the HSCA in 1978 affirmed the conclusions of the autopsy report.¹¹⁶

Following Oswald’s lead (“I’m just a patsy!” he famously cried; “Don’t believe all that so-called evidence,” he told his brother),¹¹⁷ it has become an article of faith for many conspiracy theorists that any hard evidence implicating Oswald must be forged: the autopsy report, the autopsy photographs and X-rays, the ballistic evidence, the crime scene evidence, the handwriting evidence, the “backyard photos” of Oswald with the murder weapon—all forged. The HSCA’s panel of photographic experts subjected the autopsy materials and the backyard photographs to exhaustive tests to uncover evidence of fakery; no such evidence could be found.¹¹⁸ But the release of the committee’s report in 1979 did nothing to stem the tide of speculation. No evidence was safe from accusations of forgery—not even the legendary Zapruder film or the minutely studied Moorman Polaroid, and not even excluding the slain president’s body itself. Such hypotheses are constructs arising from the a priori assumption that Lee Oswald had been framed by evil forces capable of ruthlessly accomplishing anything they desired—anything, that is, except removing John F. Kennedy from office by any means other than a public execution in broad daylight.

The Single Bullet Theory

Of all the Warren Commission’s findings, none has been so contentious as the single bullet theory, the conclusion that the bullet which inflicted the first wound to the President at the base of the neck exited his throat and went on to inflict several wounds to Governor John B. Connally, seated in front of the President. Critics commonly suggest that the scenario was fabricated out of thin air in order to explain how a lone gunman could have fired the shots in the requisite time, as established by the Zapruder film.

According to then-Warren Commission junior counsel (and later five-term U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania) Arlen Specter, it was James J. Humes, the pathologist who supervised the autopsy of the slain President, who first voiced the possibility that JFK and Governor Connally had been struck by the same bullet.¹¹⁹ During his March 16, 1964, testimony, Humes noted that “as much as we could ascertain from our X-rays and physical examinations, this missile struck no bony structures in traversing the body of the late President.” Referring to a frame in the Zapruder film at approximately the time of the first bullet strike, Humes stated, “I see that Governor Connally is sitting directly in front of the late President, and suggest the possibility that this missile, having traversed the low neck of the late President, in fact traversed the chest of Governor Connally.”¹²⁰

If Humes was right, it would explain not only the timing of the shooting, but also where the first bullet that struck the President went after exiting his body (as no bullet was found in the car, and there was no damage from such a bullet). It would also explain why the entrance wound on Governor Connally’s back was ovoid rather than the typically round shape of a bullet entrance wound (because its passage through the President’s body caused it to yaw or tumble).¹²¹

Arlen Specter and others serving with the Warren Commission were initially skeptical of the hypothesis,¹²² but a reconstruction of the shooting by agents of the FBI and Secret Service in Dealey Plaza affirmed its plausibility.¹²³ With slight qualification, the commission endorsed the theory.¹²⁴ To Warren Commission critics, be they assassination buffs or experts as distinguished as Cyril Wecht, the hypothesis is utterly untenable. Wecht is proud to point out that he was the advisor responsible for shaping one of the most memorable scenes in Oliver Stone’s JFK,¹²⁵ in which the single bullet theory is ridiculed by actor Kevin Costner and denounced as “One of the grossest lies ever forced on the American people.”¹²⁶

But Wecht’s information, and therefore the widely seen portrayal of the theory, was glaringly inaccurate.¹²⁷ Wecht had been one of nine highly distinguished members of the HSCA’s forensic pathology panel,¹²⁸ and was surely aware that the panel had found his understanding of the evidence flawed and his arguments to be without merit. The panel (with Wecht’s dissent noted) concluded that the evidence unequivocally supported the single bullet theory.¹²⁹ (In response, Wecht could only speculate about possible government affiliations that could taint his colleagues’ integrity.)¹³⁰

THE SINGLE BULLET
Found at Dallas’ Parkland Memorial Hospital on a gurney that had borne Governor Connally, it is also known as the “magic” or “pristine” bullet. From the side the bullet appears unaltered except for a small amount of lead that has been squeezed past the bottom edge. But the end-on view reveals the formerly round bullet is far from pristine. The bullet in the diagram above is enlarged; the actual size of the bullet was 1¼”.

The single bullet theory was supported by others consulted by the House committee, including photographic expert Calvin McCamy, who chaired a panel of 20 experts who utilized the Zapruder film and photogrammetric techniques to plot the precise positions of JFK and Governor Connally in the limousine;¹³¹ and NASA staff engineer Thomas Canning (that’s right, an actual rocket scientist), who plotted the trajectories of the shots that struck the two men.¹³²

Meticulous reconstructions of the shooting by the British Broadcasting Company,¹³³ the Discovery Channel,¹³⁴ and Dr. John Lattimer,¹³⁵ as well as highly accurate 3D computer models of the assassination by Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (now Exponent),¹³⁶ and Emmy-award winning animator Dale Myers¹³⁷ have confirmed again and again the plausibility, if not certainty, of the single bullet theory. Vincent Bugliosi concludes, “‘the single-bullet theory’ is an obvious misnomer. Though in its incipient stages it was but a theory, the indisputable evidence is that it is now a proven fact, a wholly supported conclusion.”¹³⁸

Cui Bono, Redux

Why did Oswald do it? The Warren Commission heard testimony and examined psychological evaluations from his teen years suggesting he was a greatly troubled individual.¹³⁹ He had documented in his own words the contempt he felt for the capitalist system of government and the United States in particular.¹⁴⁰ The commission heard testimony indicating a history of violence, from the time he threatened his sister-in-law with a knife as a teen,¹⁴¹ to the numerous witnesses who testified about the physical abuse he directed at his wife.¹⁴² Documentary evidence supports his widow’s testimony that Oswald had made a failed assassination attempt against local radical right extremist Major General Edwin Walker, a vehement detractor of Oswald’s idol, Fidel Castro.¹⁴³ Oswald’s interest in Castro, of course, is well documented, including his pro-Cuba street protests in the summer of 1963, and his failed attempt to secure a visa to Cuba in October of that year.¹⁴⁴ The commission heard testimony that Oswald aspired to greatness, though greatness had thus far eluded him;¹⁴⁵ that he believed that societal change could only be brought about by violent means;¹⁴⁶ that he had access to information published in 1963 indicating that the Kennedy administration was seeking to remove Castro from power using covert, violent methods.¹⁴⁷

Oswald never confessed to the assassination, so it is impossible to state definitively what his motives were. But when a mentally unstable, radically leftist, violently inclined Castro idolater like Oswald, with aspirations to greatness and a belief in the power of violence to enact political change, murders the man who is at once the personification of a social structure he despises and the man Fidel Castro has singled out as his greatest enemy, and who already made an assassination attempt on Major General Walker, it makes sense.

The Campfire of History

As author David Aaronovitch discusses in his book, Voodoo Histories, it has become fashionable in recent years to defend conspiracy theories—even politically incorrect to challenge them—regardless of their truth or falsity. When New York Times reporter Nicholas Kulish criticized film director Spike Lee for making “utterly unfounded charges that the failed levees [in Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina] were blown up to flood poor black neighborhoods,” Kulish was attacked for denying the “alternative perspectives” of black Louisiana residents. “In other words,” Aaronovitch observes, “the possible untruth of the allegations was far less important than the bigger truths [supposedly] revealed by them. So, in that sense, arguing about whether there really had been a conspiracy was not just beside the point, but amounted to an attempt to try and deny the larger alternative truth.¹⁴⁸

This is an approach that dovetails with an intellectual trend, loosely labeled postmodernist or post-structuralist, which has become increasingly attractive to academics and intellectuals in recent years. One aspect of this inclination is a distrust of normative notions of truth. ‘You show me your reality,’ it suggests, ‘I’ll show you mine,’ and the man in Maine with a lobster in his hand will show you his. All accounts of events are essentially stories, and no single account ought to be privileged above another. It is a seductive and not entirely worthless way of looking at the world.¹⁴⁹

Similarly, Oliver Stone once posed the question, “What is history? Some people say it’s a bunch of gossip made up by soldiers who passed it around a campfire. They say such and such happened. They create, they make it bigger, they make it better. …The nature of human beings is that they exaggerate. So, what is history? Who the fuck knows?”¹⁵⁰

In their reliance on inherently unreliable eyewitness testimony; in lay interpretations of forensic evidence (such as the “head snap” in the Zapruder film); in invocations of pseudo or junk science (like the acoustical theory endorsed by the HSCA); in confusing rumors or even pure speculation for reality¹⁵¹ (Oswald was a secret agent, Ruby was a mobster, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. were killed by the same men who killed JFK; it’s all connected); in the rationalization of failure after failure¹⁵² (evidence implicates Oswald, so it must be forged; experts interpret evidence as disproof of a conspiracy theory, so they must be lying); in the use of after-the-fact reasoning153¹⁵³ (Ruby killed Oswald, so Ruby must be connected to the assassination; Ruby made phone calls to Mob-related individuals, so the Mob must have killed JFK); in the failure to understand the role of coincidence and the significance of representativeness¹⁵⁴ (events such as the deaths of alleged witnesses—no matter whether they really were witnesses or not—cannot possibly be a coincidence; it must be a conspiracy); in their systematic embrace of methods such as these, the Warren Commission critics (and—mea culpa—I used to be one of them) have been and remain wrong. The conspiracy theories stem from logical fallacies, not legitimate arguments.

But that is not the end of the story.

Corrosion

Recent research conducted by Viren Swami at the University of Westminster in England found that believers in conspiracy theories “are more likely to be cynical about the world in general and politics in particular,” writes science journalist Maggie Koerth-Baker. “Conspiracy theories also seem to be more compelling to those with low self-worth, especially with regard to their sense of agency in the world at large. Conspiracy theories appear to be a way of reacting to uncertainty and powerlessness.”¹⁵⁵ “If you know the truth and others don’t, that’s one way you can reassert feelings of having agency,” Swami says. “It can be comforting to do your own research even if that research is flawed,” notes Koerth-Baker. “It feels good to be the wise old goat in a flock of sheep.”¹⁵⁶

And, really, where is the harm? We accuse the government of criminal actions; so what? We know agents of the government frequently engage in unethical and illegal acts; so why not point fingers? Is it really such a bad thing if some of the specific charges happen not to be true?

Of course it is. Facts matter. The truth matters. Reckless accusations can never be justified, regardless of one’s intentions. And new research suggests that conspiracy theories in themselves can actually be quite harmful. “Psychologists aren’t sure whether powerlessness causes conspiracy theories or vice versa,” writes Maggie Koerth-Baker. “Either way, the current scientific thinking suggests these beliefs are nothing more than an extreme form of cynicism, a turning away from politics and traditional media—which only perpetuates the problem.”¹⁵⁷ Research conducted by psychologist Karen Douglas and Daniel Jolley at the University of Kent in England showed that people exposed to conspiracy theories were more likely than others to withdraw from participation in the democratic process.¹⁵⁸

It gets worse. Research conducted by Stephan Lewandowsky and others at the University of Western Australia School of Psychology found that belief in conspiracy theories significantly predicted a subject’s rejection of scientific findings such as climate science, the correlation between HIV and AIDS, and the link between smoking and lung cancer. The authors note, “Our results provide empirical support for previous suggestions that conspiratorial thinking contributes to the rejection of science.”¹⁵⁹

Research shows that those who believe AIDS was created by the government are less likely to practice protected sex.¹⁶⁰ “And if you believe that governments or corporations are hiding evidence that vaccines harm children,” Koerth-Baker notes, “you’re less likely to have your children vaccinated. The result: pockets of measles and whooping-cough infections and a few deaths in places with low child-vaccination rates.”¹⁶¹

Conspiracy theories can actually kill you.

Cause for Hope

Of course, there is a way out of all this: base your beliefs on facts, not the other way around. Dare to be, like James Randi, “obsessed with reality.” By embracing the reality of the past instead of myths, we can make the most of the present and map out a better future.

For some, the era of Kennedy is remembered as “Camelot,” a Golden Age. To others, it was a time of persistent racial segregation, oppression, and violence; the Cold War and the arms race; and bloody, tragically misunderstood uprisings in Southeast Asia and Latin America. One may find many things to admire about JFK without turning a blind eye to his lack of effectiveness in advancing the civil rights legislation he championed, his secret war against Cuba, or his lapses in judgment with regard to personal behavior that threatened to compromise the integrity and security of his office.

But even if JFK was the white knight some would make him out to be, did his death really reverse the direction of politics in the United States? British scholar Peter Knight asks, “If the Kennedy assassination is the result of a conspiracy by reactionary forces to pervert the course of history, as self-professed liberals such as Oliver Stone claim, then what about civil rights, feminism, gay and lesbian rights, and the ecology movement? Conspiratorial accounts of the political shootings of the 1960s as the moment when everything went wrong thus require a certain blindness to the progressive landmarks of that decade and after.”¹⁶²

In the final analysis (as he himself was wont to say), those who seek to honor John F. Kennedy’s memory would be best advised to honor the goals he set for the nation and the freedoms and institutions he pledged to uphold, and to participate in the democracy he pledged to serve.

Though much has changed in the world, we might recall some of the words with which President Kennedy challenged friend and foe alike at his 1961 inauguration:

Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us….

Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.

Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to “undo the heavy burdens…and to let the oppressed go free.”

And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.

All this will not be finished in the first 100 days. Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.¹⁶³

References

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Tags: conspiracy theories, JFK conspiracy theories, John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassination, The Warren Commission 62 Comments »

62 Comments

1. Steve Sola says:

November 25, 2013 at 10:04 pm

Hello there,
It was the fall of 1967, I had just barely finished Army Basic Training, I was never any good as a soldier. I was taking a bus to my next Army training station, I had a short layover in Dallas, Texas, while waiting for the next bus, I took a walk. Not thinking or knowing where I was or even thinking about the JFK assassination, off I went. I came to the Daily Plaza, still in my little bubble walking down toward the viaduct when I had that moment of realizing that I was in Daily Plaza, 20 to 30 feet from where JFK was killed. At that moment I turned to the street and visualized the presidential limo, then I turned and looked up at the schoolbook depository building, there was a red circle on the window at that time, I looked down, I looked up, at that moment I knew that it was a lone gunman who had done the deed. I was 19yrs old, just out of Army Basic Training, I’d barely qualified with the M-14 rifle, I was threatened with being recycled, but there it was a fool could see it, shooting for the 6th floor corner window was an EASY shot, even I could have done it!!!
There was a great deal of criticism at the time of the “cheap” Italian rifle that Oswald had used, I was latter to learn that the Italians had been making firearms for hundreds of years, Italian weapons where highly sort after.
Much was made of Oswald being trained as a Marine, also had difficulty qualifying with his rifle in basic training. This is not a very good argument, when the stress of basic training is removed, even I, who barely qualified with the M-14 became a very respectable marksman, with practice, I’m sure Oswald did also.

• Danny E says:

November 26, 2013 at 4:52 pm

I had exactly the same thought when I stood at the window and looked down at the street. It would have been like breathing down the President’s neck. No marksmanship required.

• Jeff says:

November 27, 2013 at 12:38 am

I was a conspiracy nut for years but like you, once I sat in the next window to Oswald and looked down, I thought hell I could have made that shot. That began my long slide into understanding that Oswald made two out of three shots, and got lucky with the last one.

• TLR says:

December 1, 2013 at 5:57 am

Who are you calling a “conspiracy nut”? Both of the posters above you support the official story. I can see that readers of “Skeptic” need some help with reading comprehension.

In any case, that particular Carcano had probably not been fired by anyone since an Italian soldier had it in WWII. It had a sticky bolt action (unlike the better-condition rifles you see used in reenactments). FBI experts described it “a cheap, old weapon” (4 H 29) with “wear and rust” (CD 2974). The experts who tested the rifle for the WC declined to practice with it out of “concern about breaking the firing pin.” (WR 193). HSCA: “The National Archives, represented by Mr. David Paynter, brought the Oswald rifle (C.E. 139) for use in the test, but bench rest firing tests and operation of the weapon established that it was in too poor condition to be used.”

Yuri Nosenko said that Oswald’s file contained a statement from fellow hunters [a hunting club in the USSR] that Oswald was an extremely poor shot and that it was necessary for persons who accompanied him on hunts to provide him with game.”

• Eric says:

December 1, 2013 at 6:50 pm

Thanks for reiterating some of the fundamental facts that are often lost in the weird byplay between parties with extreme views.

• TLR says:

December 1, 2013 at 6:15 am

Sorry, I missed the word “but” – I should have had my glasses on.

• john kimak says:

November 27, 2013 at 5:30 am

I can see by the film that JFK had to be shot from the front because when he was hit the back of his skull landed on the car behind him, that is when his wife got up on the trunk of the car to retrieve it. I used to hunt when I was a kid in Ohio and never saw something when hit come back in the direction of the projectile. This is ludicrous
On top of all that if one bullet did all that damage it would not look like it does in the picture, after all lead bullets when hitting bones distort.
Remember also when does are government ever tell the truth?

• Irving Fields says:

November 27, 2013 at 4:45 pm

Then why is the entrance wound in the back of his head, Einstein?

• Paul Balant says:

December 4, 2013 at 11:12 am

I expect the piece of JFK’s head went backward was due to his body spasming backward. This was the same reason his head jerked backward, as discussed in the article.

• Sean Kelly says:

December 5, 2013 at 3:50 am

“Oh look Jack’s head has just exploded but I saw part of his skull go back over the car; must retrieve it.”

I’m sure those were EXACTLY the thoughts that were going through Jackie Kennedy’s head at the time.

• Gerry Mantel says:

November 30, 2013 at 3:51 pm

Hey Dave, how many people at Parkland Hospital pointed to their right temple when asked about the exact cause of JFK’s death?

How does this information fit (or not) with the Zap film?

Just wondering …

• Larry Silverstein says:

December 4, 2013 at 12:16 pm

“Pull it”!

And Tower 7 came down, free fall!

F–k off, Homer.

Dallas was a Turkey shoot!

Google Henry Marshall, Sol Estes & LBJ.

2. Kansas City says:

November 26, 2013 at 4:46 pm

I read this with great interest, but found it superificial, even though long and detailed. It seems intent on mocking the theories of others, rather than dealing with the best of their evidence. For example, one can’t just dismiss the trip to the Cuban and Soviet embassies in Mexico City 3 to 4 weeks prior to the assassination, simply accepting the Cuban claim about the visits. It ignores recent evidence that defector from Cuban intelligencne credibly claims he was told to direct his monitoring devices to Texas that morning, rather than toward Miami and Washington, as normal. It ignores some weird behavior by Castro, pointedly wanting to exonerate him and Cuba. It ingores that Oswald tried to call a guy in Raleigh, N.C. the night before he was killed. It ignores a letter Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy about ten days before the assassination. I realize the author cannot deal with all evidence, but he seems to pick on the weakest of the opposing evidence and arguments, rather than the strongest.

I say all this as a believer that the most likely answer is Oswald as a lone gunman. However, if one thinks in terms of burden of proof, I don’t think one could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Oswald did it alone. One also certainly could not provide any conspriracy theory beyond a reasonable doubt. One could probably prove by a preponderance of evidene (51/49) that Oswald shot at Kennedy. Maybe one could prove he acted alone by a preponderance of the evidence. One could not prove his motive under any legal standard.

• Jeff says:

November 27, 2013 at 12:42 am

However if you just use a bit of logic, it seems preposterous that a conspiracy took place.

The amount of people needed to coordinate this operation would have been extensive:
* A group of people to handle Ruth Paine in getting Oswald his job. CIA. FBI?
* A group of people to handle Oswald’s boss, to make sure he was working at that location on that day. CIA, FBI?
* A group of people to handle Oswald, make sure he wasn’t sick that day, make sure he took those curtain rods to work and disposed of them,

and make sure he ran off after the shooting. CIA, FBI?
* A group of people to kill officer Tippet, CIA, FBI, the Mob?
* A different group of people to clean up inconsistency’s in Dallas, The Dallas police?
* A different group of people where needed to coordinate the motorcade route. The White House, Secret Service, LBJ?
* A different group of people where needed to pull the trigger. CIA assassination teams, the mob, Oswald?
* A different group of people where needed to tamper with the medical evidence. Military autopsy facility personnel?
* A different group of people where needed to dispose of Oswald. The Mob?

There would have been so many people in the know, that keeping it a secret would have been near impossible. The S.S. would have had to communicate with Oswald’s handlers that morning, who would have had to communicate with the shooters that Oswald was at work that day, who would have had to let the military personnel know what they needed to fix on the body.

While I am still suspicious and will finish this book, a conspiracy just seems illogical.

• Smokie says:

December 1, 2013 at 2:21 am

You say that keeping a secret would be impossible, but many people did in fact talk or “whistleblow”.

• Larry Silverstein says:

December 4, 2013 at 12:19 pm

99.9% of Americans are Pavlovian puppies!

If its not on TV, then it didn’t happen!

That’s why the media is controlled by the money people & they tell you what to think!

• will walters says:

December 7, 2013 at 7:16 am

I agree 100% on both counts

3. Kansas City says:

November 26, 2013 at 4:53 pm

The interest is conspiracy theories is perfectly understandable. It is essentially a murder mystery. And, if lone gunman Oswald theory is true, it is an exampe of fact being far stranger than fiction. If you wrote a novel with the characters and background of Oswald, Ruby and the Russian fellow George D______ who befriended Oswald, it would be rejected as too unbelievable. And the single bullet theory, while probably true, is like a one in a million chance that a single bullet would produce that result. Even the explanation above about why the head moved left and back is pretty speculative, after all these years.

• Greg says:

November 26, 2013 at 6:16 pm

How did you calculate the odds of the bullet doing what it did to be a million to one? I get that you were probably being figurative, but you’re implying a level of luck that may have not been strictly “luck,” so I’m curious why you’re saying that.

• Kansas City says:

November 26, 2013 at 6:49 pm

Yes, no calculation on the million to one. What I referred to is how Kennedy and Connally had to be lined up just right, the bullet had to go through Kennedy’s neck without hitting anything to alter the path and then the ricochet from Connally’s shoulder to his wrist to his thigh.

The history of Oswald is amazing. He travels this path through the marines, defection to Russia, return to U.S., the Fair Play for Cuba Committe in New Orleans, the trips to the Cuban and Soveit embassy, the interview by the FBI a few weeks prior to the killing, the relationship with George D., etc. I saw the video of Oswalt debating in New Orleans, and he was an intelligent person. Yet, once he is tabbed as the asssassin, everyone denies any relationship with him.

And Ruby, how could a character like him get into the story. I’m more willing to accept that Ruby is just an accident of history. The Oswald “official” story is harder to believe. The Soviet claim that they did not even interview him? Come on. He may have acted alone, but he sure hack a strange road getting there.

• Larry Silverstein says:

December 4, 2013 at 12:23 pm

ATTENTION!

A PATIENT FROM THE GENERAL KANSAS CITY ASYLUM HAS ESCAPED!

HE THINKS HE IS A HISTORIAN, BUT IS AS DAFT AS A BRUSH!

HUMOR HIM, BUT UNDERSTAND HE’S STARK CRAZY!

• Dan Pratt says:

December 4, 2013 at 1:09 pm

Please review the inset box diagrams in the sub-section above entitled “The Assassin.” I don’t see why the orientation of JFK and Connally doesn’t explain away the “magic bullet.” Regardless, bullets do not always travel in straight lines, especially when they impact flesh and bone of varying densities. And why do you say that the explanation for JFK’s head moving left and back is “pretty speculative, after all these years?”

• Jeff says:

November 27, 2013 at 11:56 am

Lets take one of the critical conspiracy assumptions, Ruby.
What was Ruby’s motivation, money, safety for himself, safety for his family, or was he just a loyal soldier?
If just a loyal soldier, he was expected to throw his life away while everyone else in the conspiracy got away?
If the motivation was safety for himself or his family, wouldn’t you expect him to shot Oswald in the chest or the head. He was close enough. Never heard of a hit man shooting someone in the stomach. That he hit three arteries was 100% luck.
If the FBI, CIA, and Dallas police were handling everything to the last detail, why didn’t they just stage Oswald’s suicide in jail?

• Larry Silverstein says:

December 4, 2013 at 12:37 pm

HIS NAME WAS JACK RUBENSTEIN = JEW.

Jack Ruby was born Jacob Leon Rubenstein to Joseph Rubenstein (1871–1958) and Fannie Turek Rutkowski (or Rokowsky), both Polish-born, Orthodox Jews, in Chicago, on March 25, 1911.

Ruby developed close ties to many Dallas police officers who frequented his nightclubs, where he showered them with large quantities of liquor and other favors. In 1959, Ruby went to Cuba ostensibly to visit a friend, influential Dallas gambler Lewis McWillie, an associate of Mafia boss Santo Trafficante. Ruby may have met directly with Trafficante on those visits according to the testimony of British journalist John Wilson-Hudson who was imprisoned in Cuba at the time. (Trafficante operated major casinos in Cuba and was briefly imprisoned after Fidel Castro came to power).

Ruby was known to have been acquainted with both the police and the Mafia. The HSCA said that Ruby had known Chicago mobster Sam Giancana (1908-1975) and Joseph Campisi (1918–1990) since 1947, and had been seen with them on many occasions. After an investigation of Joe Campisi, the HSCA found:

While Campisi’s technical characterization in federal law enforcement records as an organized crime member has ranged from definite to suspected to negative, it is clear that he was an associate or friend of many Dallas-based organized crime members, particularly Joseph Civello, during the time he was the head of the Dallas organization. There was no indication that Campisi had engaged in any specific organized crime-related activities.

Similarly, a PBS Frontline investigation into the connections between Ruby and Dallas organized crime figures reported the following:

In 1963, Sam and Joe Campisi were leading figures in the Dallas underworld. Jack knew the Campisis and had been seen with them on many occasions. The Campisis were lieutenants of Carlos Marcello, the Mafia boss who had reportedly talked of killing the President.

AND THEN THEY WENT ON TO MURDER ROBERT KENNEDY & JFK JUNIOR.

F__K OFF AMERICA, YOUR HANS DRIP WITH WITH BLOOD!

FROM THE MILLIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS YOU SLAUGHTERED, TO THE MILLIONS IN VIETNAM & AROUND THE WORLD, YOU STAND GUILTY!

4. I Ratant says:

November 26, 2013 at 5:33 pm

Very good compilation of the information and the logical conclusions to be drawn from the information.
Everyone who looks at the information without any conclusion to be supported before hand just has to conclude LHO did it all by himself.

5. Jason says:

November 28, 2013 at 12:36 am

I too found this article to be long and detailed with “facts”, while containing a “mocking” tone toward conspiracy theorists/theories. You treated the CIA theory as though people believe the ENTIRE CIA was involved-not the case. Rogue elements of the CIA- for whom
Oswald (based on OVERWHELMING evidence) clearly was (at the LEAST) am informant, as well as other evidence, reveal Oswald to have been working as a double agent for some organisation (likely the CIA) having no trouble in both defecting to the USSR AS WELL AS returning from the USSR. He was also impersonated in MEXICO CITY at the Russian Embassy 7 weeks prior- as though his framing as
Assassin of Kennedy was long and well thought out. I could go on and on- your propaganda will MEVER convince the overwhelming amount of Americans who’ve NO DOUBT not only of a conspiracy, but that Oswald didn’t even fire a shot that day!

6. Robert Joseph says:

November 28, 2013 at 9:38 am

You can say whatever you darn please, but please don’t insult the intelligence of those who would take leave of reality and read your rantings.(Like me!) There is abundant evidence of a grassy knoll assassin; ear, eye, olfactory witnesses (remember the police officer who smelled gunpowder?); the motion of JFK’s head on the Z film (do you recall conservation of momentum, DAVE???), Dallas MDs observations of a large exit wound in the rear of JFKs head; it goes on.
I understand that you were firmly planted in the conspiracy camp — indeed — I wonder what could have changed your mind? Maybe being a big fish in a small pond? $$$$ ??

• AClose says:

December 1, 2013 at 1:53 pm

Try actually reading the article. I know it’s a bit long but, c’mon, you can do it.

7. Nick Francis says:

November 28, 2013 at 8:27 pm

I find it hard to believe that, A, Warren put one over on Hoover, or, B,
Hoover put one over on Warren.

8. Ben Linus says:

November 29, 2013 at 9:45 am

If JFK had been shot today, there would have been no doubt where the shot came from.

Another conspiracy is why didn’t the parade route continue on Main and then get up on the freeway? Why make that stupid turn up Houston and down Elm right by Oswald. Simple answer… there was no change. The map from the paper was small and the scale didn’t show the turn onto Houston then Elm. And if they’d continued down Main, there would have been no physical route to get ONTO Stemmons Fwy. Of course, if you don’t live in Dallas you probably don’t know that. Look at a map people.

They *should* have turned on Elm back at Harwood rather than down Main. Either way through, Oswald still has his shot.

9. Matthew says:

November 30, 2013 at 6:54 am

While I admit we may never know for certain what did happen in Dealey Plaza that day, there are problems with this conspiracy theory. Primarily, and this goes for every conspiracy (be it about JFK, or 9/11, or the moon landings being faked), it would take so many people to make the conspiracy work that straight away the conspiracy sinks under its own weight.

In 50 years, not one “conspirator” has made a deathbed confession, or babbled drunkedly in a bar, or said too much into a lover’s ear. Really? It seems highly unlikely. On the other hand, we do have Oswald, a slightly wacky character who bought a rifle, and who was so keen to try and escape that he murdered a police officer. Is that not in itself a very real sign of guilt?

10. Bonga says:

November 30, 2013 at 7:16 am

What about the Magic Bullet? I am disappointed you did not address that. That is very critical.

Also whilst the experts can be 50:50 wrong about the nature of the wound, it seems unlikely that all of them thought that the bullet entered from the front.

11. Matthew says:

November 30, 2013 at 10:02 am

The Magic Bullet theory falls away if you realize that Governor Connally was not sitting directly in front of JFK and at the same level. He was slightly below, and a little to the left, of JFK.

12. Gerry Mantel says:

November 30, 2013 at 3:54 pm

http://www.ctka.net/2013/flipflop.html

• Joe says:

December 17, 2013 at 1:06 am

Superb link, Gerry. But I think it would be helpful to other readers to add a brief explanation that the article linked to essentially shows at some length exactly what frauds Shermer and Reitzes both are, in so far as anything they have to say about the assassination of Pres. Kennedy. Most of the utter nonsense found in Reitzes’ Warren Commission Apologia above is thoroughly exposed and demolished in Jim Di Eugenio’s piece in a much deeper and better informed manner than in any of the critical comments. Give it a read, true Skeptics.

13. bogman says:

November 30, 2013 at 5:00 pm

Uh, David, can you explain this?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Joannides

14. bogman says:

November 30, 2013 at 5:05 pm

And Oswald was a member of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee like I’m a member of the John Birch Society.

Like not at all.

15. TLR says:

December 1, 2013 at 5:43 am

Ah yes, the jet effect/neurospasm nonsense to explain the movement of JFK’s head. Hey, let’s look at some actual footage of people being shot in the back of the head with vintage military rifles. This is from a documentary on the Chinese civil war. Start watching around 8:10 (warning: graphic).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teFlwPZ9H1c

• David says:

December 1, 2013 at 11:47 pm

Hey TLR,

Please tell me where you went to medical school.

16. TLR says:

December 1, 2013 at 6:05 am

As usual, lone-nutters do not attempt to explain how Oswald assembled the paper bag he allegedly carried the rifle in. The paper and tape came from the wrapping desk on the first floor, where Troy Eugene West worked. He testified that he was always at his desk (ate his lunch there – was there when the motorcade went by). He never saw Oswald at his station.

The tape was dispensed from the machine and wetted by a mechanism that left markings on it. The tape had to be used there; the bag had to have been assembled there. How did Oswald do this with no one seeing him? How did Oswald handle all of this sticky tape without leaving any prints on it? His prints should be on every inch of that bag, just as they should be on every box made to assemble the “sniper’s nest.” How did he get this huge bag home to Irving without anyone seeing it?

• David says:

December 1, 2013 at 11:46 pm

TLR,

First of all, name-calling (“Lone nutters”) does not reinforce your argument. After all, the rational people think you and your ilk are nuts for your pathological denial.

Secondly, it is not incumbent upon us to explain why no one noticed Oswald taking some wrapping paper of someone’s desk (assuming that is where it even came from). Again, you cannot see the forest for the trees. Every time something like the single bullet theory is explained to you, you have to act like a little baby and focus on some tangential issue that does not refute the mountain of evidence against Oswald.

The bottom line is that you have a mental condition that makes you unable to accept the obvious, just like the 9-11 truthers (whom you probably support as well.)

17. AClose says:

December 1, 2013 at 1:57 pm

I see the “alternate theorist” are doing exactly what was explained in the very piece they barely bothered to read: ignoring mountains of evidence and exclaiming “but what about [X anomaly]!”

18. Eric says:

December 1, 2013 at 7:53 pm

With Allen Dulles and John J. McCloy on the Warren Commission, respectively representing the intelligence and business communities, one must wonder why Edwin Walker wasn’t invited to represent the military, as the aforementioned were representatives of factions that had opposed JFK throughout his presidency.

Yet the JFK administration remained intact after the assassination, a fact that would seem to preclude a successful coup against the U.S. government. And that administration included Robert Kennedy, who deported Carlos Marcello to Guatemala and had Walker committed to a psychiatric evaluation; RFK was hardly a person to resort to softball.

Within 24 hours of the assassination, Fidel Castro flagged Oswald as a suspiciously perfect instrument to foment war between the U.S. and communist nations. Within a couple of days that sentiment was echoed by Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach. My contention is that the rush by the U.S. government to declare Oswald as the lone assassin can only be understood as an attempt to avoid nuclear war with the USSR.

The main question is who the LBJFK administration suspected. If they suspected JFK’s political, economic and military enemies within the U.S., then the appearance of Dulles and McCloy on the Warren Commission, publicly backing the unaffiliated gunman assertion, would have sent an overt message that a policy coup had failed.

The Warren Commission Report, itself a string of informal fallacies, was undermined further by the 26 volumes of evidence that often contradicted the report’s conclusions. Perhaps the most glaring example of the commission’s transgressions was to ignore the evidence that JFK and Governor Connally were struck by separate bullets, which was the conclusion reached by the FBI, the Secret Service, and Connally himself.

Anyone who argues the Warren Commission case is trying to take more than one side of a single issue.

19. Perry says:

December 1, 2013 at 10:26 pm

Anyone who believes JFK was shot by a lone gunman and believes was Oswald was the one who killed the president is absolutely nuts, a conspiracy happened and Oswald didnt fire a shot.

• David says:

December 1, 2013 at 11:49 pm

A great example of the pot calling the kettle black.

Perry, mentally sick people like you do not have the ability to see their own disorder.

• Matthew says:

December 3, 2013 at 4:17 am

If Oswald was so pure as the driven snow, why did he murder the first cop who tried to speak to him?

20. Larry Schnapf says:

December 1, 2013 at 11:38 pm

It is certainly “plausible” that one gunman killed JFK but it is more probably that there were two gunmen-the second probably from the second floor of the Dal-Tex building. An excellent new book on the forensics was just published by Sherry Feister (Enemy of the Truth).

I dont buy into a political assassination. All JFK’s enemies had to do in 1964 would have been to expose his womanizing or his bad health. The killing was personal and who had the greatest motives (neither the WC or HSCA could identify a motive for LHO) were the mob or the exiles who were angry at the bay of pigs and JFK’s backchannel discussions with Castro in October/November 1963. The government had to hide their involvement b/c it would have revealed the CIA Castro assassination plots.

I think those who cant accept there was a conspiracy have problems believing our government would lie to us. But this is the same government that allowed the rogue elements of the CIA to expose innocent citizens to LSD, lied about the Gulf of Tonkin and not to mention the weapons of mass destruction….

• David says:

December 1, 2013 at 11:45 pm

It does not matter what the CIA did in the past. You still need evidence to prove your allegation and you have done.

And it is interesting that you say we have trouble believing the CIA would do such a thing when the truth is that people like you have trouble believing that a lone gunman killed the president.

21. David says:

December 1, 2013 at 11:41 pm

TLR,

First of all, name-calling (“Lone nutters”) does not reinforce your argument. After all, the rational people think you and your ilk are nuts for your pathological denial.

Secondly, it is not incumbent upon us to explain why no one noticed Oswald taking some wrapping paper of someone’s desk (assuming that is where it even came from). Again, you cannot see the forest for the trees. Every time something like the single bullet theory is explained to you, you have to act like a little baby and focus on some tangential issue that does not refute the mountain of evidence against Oswald.

The bottom line is that you have a mental condition that makes you unable to accept the obvious, just like the 9-11 truthers (whom you probably support as well.)

22. Gavin says:

December 2, 2013 at 6:54 am

http://www.opednews.com/articles/A-Death-Bed-Declaration-C-by-Jim-Lesar-Conspiracy_Federal-Agency-CIA_JFK-Assassination-131201-910.html

Anyone know if this is credible?

23. Bill Morgan says:

December 4, 2013 at 4:43 am

How do these dots connect? JFK-Nuclear Weapons-Israel-Mossad-CIA-Meyer Lansky-David Atlee Phillips-E. Howard Hunt-Richard Helms-Allen Dulles-James Angleton-Final Judgment-Michael Collins Piper. Answer: November 22, 1963 Dallas.

24. Yahya says:

December 4, 2013 at 8:08 am

I personally don’t believe in any form of governmental conspiracy about JFK assassination and 9/11 and moon landing. In these three cases, as Michael Shermer wrote in Scientific American, a handful of strange things are considered to be the evidence of conspiracy, and the overwhelming natural events are neglected by conspiracy theorists.
But I blame US government instead of the conspiracy theorists. Why such conspiracies are all related to US government and not about for example Japan government? The US performance during contemporary history has been in a way that makes people suspicious about everything. I’m quite sure that if 9/11 attacks had happened for Japan, due to trustworthy of the Japan government, no conspiracy theory would have been introduced.
The problem is all about US government and its own performance. I’m not an American, but I think it is pretty normal that Americans are suspicious of their government.
As an impartial person out of America, I have examined all the claims about 9/11, JFK assassination and moon landing conspiracy theories and I found all of them totally irrational, but Americans who believe in these conspiracies are thinking prejudicedly due to dishonest performance of their government during history.

• Bill Morgan says:

December 4, 2013 at 9:58 am

Yahya, You are wrong. All governments LIE to their people. This is why people do not trust their governments. When I ask people if they believe politicians lie to get elected they always say YES. Once elected and in office, why would you believe they suddenly stop lying? Of course they continue to lie. Anyone who believes their government tells them the truth is a naive child. Grow up and accept reality as it is!

• Dan Pratt says:

December 4, 2013 at 1:22 pm

Bill– To quote the article: It is not “…as simple as declaring, ‘I don’t trust the government, therefore I am a skeptic'; such an equation would abdicate independent thought in favor of pure cynicism. As Michael Shermer seeks to remind us, ‘skepticism is not a position; skepticism is an approach to claims, in the same way that science is not a subject but a method.’ Skepticism of any government’s aims and efficacy is surely healthy—if not crucial—for a democracy; but the point is to use critical thinking to properly assess the evidence, not to merely doubt for the sake of doubting.”

• Bill Morgan says:

December 5, 2013 at 2:26 am

The Government lies about many things. When someone lies to you once, you no longer trust that person. When someone lies to you repeatedly, you never trust that person again. I will never trust my government again. Too many lies! If you want to trust the Government go ahead. That’s your right. Trust Obama. Trust Bush. Trust Cheney. Trust Clinton. That’s your right. But not me.

25. JIMMY DELL says:

December 4, 2013 at 5:06 pm

I thought from the day that it happened that LBJ was behind it. I was a 19 year old Marine at the time. As I aged and began to understand human nature, my opinion changed. Be it the JFk assassination,Roswell, NM spacemen, the fake moon landing or the little blue dress owned by the POTUS’s girlfriend, if more than one person knows about a cover-up it won’t be a secret for very long. The more people that think a conspiracy is afoot, the less likely that it is a conspiracy. The Oliver Stone movie, IMO, did more harm than Lee Harvey Oswald; as younger generations, not yet born, have had their perceptions of our government shaped by a fantasy. A fantasy not made in pursuit of the truth, but of profit.

26. Dr. Strangelove says:

December 4, 2013 at 6:19 pm

The only conspiracy in JFK’s assassination is the stupidity and incompetence of the Secret Service. It’s mindboggling that a lone gunman killed the most powerful man in the world. The Russians with all their nuclear weapons could not do it. Fidel Castro with his communist army could not. The Mafia with all their assassins no. The CIA with their killer spies and James Bond lethal gadgets no. The military-industrial complex with all their money and fighter jets no.

But Ostwald the loser, good-for-nothing bum can easily kill JFK. He had nothing better to do so in a lazy afternoon he shot the President of the United States. Even more incredible than Arnold Schwarzenegger’s movies. Even Rambo could not kill Reagan in the movies. We don’t need conspiracy theories. History is stranger than fiction.

27. Ross Harland says:

December 5, 2013 at 1:31 am

Thanks a lot for this site. I was only two when JFK was killed and became interested as a teenager. I have read several-conflicting-books on the Kennedys and watched with huge interest the 50th anniversary programs on Sky in November. Do I believe LHO killed JFK? Yes I do. Do I also believe that the US psyche cannot now/could not (in 1963) stomach or believe a single “nothing special” kind of guy could murder the most powerful man in the world? So easily!? Heck yes. During my time growing up in my very small, far away country (New Zealand), I have seen major blunders and botched cover ups by my country’s Government and police force. For me the single biggest proof of no conspiracy is that worldwide, Governments, throughout history, CANNOT keep secrets e.g. Watergate.
P.S. Did man walk on the moon? Of course he did: it was the only place he could find to get some peace and quiet from the conspiracy theorists!

28. Jim Lively says:

December 5, 2013 at 6:13 pm

I have two obvious questions you didn’t address. Why was Jackie picking up pieces of JFK’s head off of the trunk of the car if the kill shot came from the rear? If the shot can be diagrammed and replicated with such certainty then surely they can explain this. And if the answer is so obvious why not just release the files?

• will walters says:

December 7, 2013 at 7:09 am

I recently read an article that explained not only that but why his head jerked backwards.
The neurological response to beinh hit in the head with a projectile at that velocity and that location would have caused JFK’s body to jerk backwards.

29. will walters says:

December 6, 2013 at 4:04 pm

This is the second time that I have left this comment and I do not see it in the list of comments above. I would like someone to explain why Gov. Connally still has his hat in his hand after the bullet passed through his wrist. it is plain that the “miracle bullet” that passed through Kennedys back and through Gov. Connally’s torso and into his wrist was fired while their limousine was behind the green sign on the parkway. I have not seen in any lecture or in any book an explanation of why Connolly managed to hold onto his hat after that “miracle bullet” had broken a bone above his wrist. An examination of the x-ray of Connolly’s hand shows that one of the two bones that join the wrist was broken.
The frames of the Zapruder film show that after the limousine appeared from behind the sign and both Connolly and Kennedy were Already supposedly hit by the same bullet Connely holds on to his hat for at least the next 30 frames. Can anyone explain why he was able to continue to grasp his hat if both he and Kennedy had been hit by the same bullet.

30. stevefraser says:

December 19, 2013 at 4:48 pm