Nicholas Katzenbach
65th United States Attorney General
In office February 11, 1965 – October 2, 1966 Acting: September 4, 1964 – January 28, 1965
President	Lyndon Johnson
Preceded by	Robert Kennedy
Succeeded by	Ramsey Clark
24th Undersecretary of State
In office October 3, 1966 – January 20, 1969
President	Lyndon Johnson
Preceded by	George Ball
Succeeded by	Elliot Richardson
5th United States Deputy Attorney General
In office 1962–1964
President	John Kennedy Lyndon Johnson
Preceded by	Byron White
Succeeded by	Ramsey Clark
Personal details
Born	Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (1922-01-17)January 17, 1922 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	May 8, 2012(2012-05-08) (aged 90) Skillman, New Jersey, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Lydia King Phelps Stokes
Children	John Katzenbach (writer), Christopher W. Katzenbach (Attorney), Mimi Katzenbach, Anne De Belleville Katzenbach
Alma mater	Princeton University Yale Law School Balliol College, Oxford
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Army Air Forces
Unit	Eighth Air Force
Battles/wars	World War II

Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (January 17, 1922 – May 8, 2012) was an American lawyer who served as United States Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration.

Early life[edit]

Katzenbach was born in Philadelphia and raised in Trenton. His parents were Edward L. Katzenbach, who served as Attorney General of New Jersey, and Marie Hilson Katzenbach, who was the first female president of the New Jersey State Board of Education. His uncle, Frank S. Katzenbach, served as mayor of Trenton and as a Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. He was named after his mother's great-great-grandfather, Nicholas de Belleville (1753–1831), a French physician who accompanied Kazimierz Pułaski to America and settled in Trenton in 1778.^[1][2] Katzenbach was raised an Episcopalian,^[3][4] and was of part German descent.^[5]

Katzenbach served in the United States Army Air Corps in World War II. Assigned as a navigator in the 381st Bomb Squadron, 310th Bomb Group in North Africa. His B-25 Mitchell Bomber was shot down February 23, 1943, over the Mediterranean Sea off North Africa. He spent over two years as a prisoner of war in Italian and German POW camps.^[6]

Katzenbach attended Phillips Exeter Academy, received his B.A. cum laude from Princeton University in 1945 and his LL.B. cum laude from Yale Law School in 1947, where he served as Articles Editor of the Yale Law Journal. From 1947 to 1949, he was a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford.

On June 8, 1946, Katzenbach married Lydia King Phelps Stokes, in a ceremony officiated by her uncle, Anson Phelps Stokes, former canon of the Washington National Cathedral. Her father was Harold Phelps Stokes, a newspaper correspondent and secretary to Herbert Hoover.^[7]

Katzenbach was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1950 and the Connecticut bar in 1955. He was an associate in the law firm of Katzenbach, Gildea and Rudner in 1950.

Government service[edit]

From 1950 to 1952 he was attorney-advisor in the Office of General Counsel to the Secretary of the Air Force. Katzenbach was on the faculty of Rutgers School of Law—Newark from 1950 to 1951; was an associate professor of law at Yale from 1952 to 1956; and was a professor of law at the University of Chicago from 1956 to 1960.

He served in the U.S. Department of Justice as Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel in 1961-1962 and as Deputy Attorney General from 1962 to 1965. President Johnson appointed Katzenbach the 65th Attorney General of the United States on February 11, 1965, and he held the office until October 2, 1966. He then served as Under Secretary of State from 1966 to 1969.

In September 2008, Katzenbach published Some of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ (W. W. Norton), a memoir of his years in Government service.

The "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door"[edit]

Alabama Governor George Wallace (in front of door) standing defiantly against desegregation while being confronted by Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach (standing opposite Wallace) at the University of Alabama.

On June 11, 1963, Katzenbach was a primary participant in one of the most famous incidents of the Civil Rights struggle.^[8] Alabama Governor George Wallace stood in front of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop desegregation of that institution by the enrollment of two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood. This became known as the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door." Wallace stood aside only after being confronted by Katzenbach, accompanied by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard.

Role in JFK assassination investigation[edit]

A 1979 account of the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), reported that on November 25, 1963, only 3 days after the John F. Kennedy assassination and before any formal federal investigation had been conducted, Nicholas Katzenbach, then deputy attorney general, had written a memo to presidential assistant Bill Moyers at the White House. Katzenbach's memo comes the closest of any known official document _{[speculation, citation needed]} (Katzenbach's memo) to discussing a government coverup _{[sensationalist language]}:

"It is important that all of the facts surrounding President Kennedy’s Assassination be made public in a way which will satisfy people in the United States and abroad that all the facts have been told and that a statement to this effect be made now. The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin; that he had no confederates who are still at large; and that evidence was such that he would have been convicted at trial...Speculation about Oswald's motivation ought to be cut off...Unfortunately the facts on Oswald seem about too pat—too obvious (Marxist, Cuba, Russian wife, etc.)...We need something to head off public speculation or Congressional hearings of the wrong sort."

The Committee's final report implies _{[speculation]} that Katzenbach, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, and others were the key actors behind the creation of the Warren Commission. According to the report, Hoover told staff members on November 24, 1963 that he and Katzenbach were anxious to have "something issued so we can convince the public that Oswald is the real assassin," though the idea of a commission was initially opposed by President Johnson.

Later years[edit]

Katzenbach left government service to work for IBM in 1969, where he served as general counsel during the lengthy antitrust case filed by the Department of Justice seeking the break-up of IBM. He and Cravath, Swaine & Moore attorney Thomas Barr led the case for the computer giant for 13 years until the government finally decided to drop it in 1982. Later Katzenbach led the opposition against the case filed by the European Economic Community. He retired from IBM in 1986 and became a partner at the firm of Riker, Danzig, Scherer, Hyland & Perretti in New Jersey.^[9] He was named chairman of the failing Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) in 1991.^[10]

In 1980, Katzenbach testified in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for the defense of W. Mark Felt, later revealed to be the "Deep Throat" of the Watergate scandal and later Deputy Director of the FBI; accused and later found guilty of ordering illegal wiretaps on American citizens.

In December 1996, Katzenbach was one of New Jersey's fifteen members of the Electoral College, who cast their votes for the Clinton/Gore ticket.^[11]

Katzenbach also testified on behalf of President Clinton on December 8, 1998, before the House Judiciary Committee hearing, considering whether to impeach President Clinton.^[12]

On March 16, 2004, MCI Communications in a press release announced "its Board of Directors has elected former U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach as non-executive Chairman of the Board, effective upon MCI's emergence from Chapter 11 protection. Katzenbach has been an MCI Board member since July 2002." MCI later merged with Verizon.

Katzenbach and his wife Lydia retired to Princeton, New Jersey, with a summer home on Martha's Vineyard in West Tisbury, Massachusetts.^[13] His son is writer John Katzenbach. His daughter Maria Katzenbach is also a published novelist.

Katzenbach died on May 8, 2012. He was 90.

See also[edit]

• Some of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ (W. W. Norton) - publisher web site
• Video: Nicholas Katzenbach talks about his youth (bigthink.com)
• Video: Nicholas Katzenbach on RFK and LBJ (bigthink.com)
• Video: Nicholas Katzenbach compares Vietnam and Iraq (bigthink.com)
• The Best and the Brightest
• Katzenbach appears in archival footage of his confrontation with Gov. Wallace in the movie Forrest Gump

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Katzenbach, Nicholas, Some Of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ, (2008, W.W. Norton) [2]

External links[edit]

• Oral History Interviews with Nicholas Katzenbach, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
• Artículo en español del diario "El País", 26 de mayo de 2012, "Nicholas Katzenbach, crucial político en la sombra"

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